Armenian Graffiti from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem

Cercetări Arheologice 31.2, 2024, 637-652
https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.2.18



Armenian Graffiti from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem


Authors: Khachik Harutyunyan

Keywords:

Holy Land, Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, pilgrims, Armenian inscriptions, Armenian graffiti

Abstract:

The Holy Land’s shrines are abundant with multilingual inscriptions that pilgrims have left over the centuries. Such inscriptions and graffiti are numerous inside and outside of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, one of the major Christian holy sites, and mainly contain pilgrims’ names, prayers, and sometimes short texts about them. Due to limited available surfaces for writing, new graffiti often overlaid earlier ones, creating a palimpsest effect.

A significant part of these graffiti are in Armenian, a fact that previous scholars have mostly overlooked even though our research reveals significant examples dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries. In this article, I present fifteen of that newly discovered graffiti, leaving the publication of the whole to the near future.

Download: PDF


How to cite: Khachik Harutyunyan, Armenian Graffiti from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, Cercetări Arheologice, Vol. 31.2, pag. 637-652, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.2.18


Bibliography


  1. Abrahamyan, A.G. 1973. Hayoc‘ gir ev grč‘ut‘yun (Armenian script and writing), Yerevan: University press (in Armenian).
  2. Acharean, H. 1942. Hayoc‘ anjnanunneri baṙaran (Dictionary of Armenian Personal Names), vol. 1, Yerevan: YSU Publishing house (in Armenian).
  3. Acharean, H. 1944. Hayoc‘ anjnanunneri baṙaran (Dictionary of Armenian Personal Names), vol. 2, Yerevan: YSU Publishing house (in Armenian).
  4. Acharean, H. 1946. Hayoc‘ anjnanunneri baṙaran (Dictionary of Armenian Personal Names), vol. 3, Yerevan: YSU Publishing house (in Armenian).
  5. Acharean, H. 1962. Hayoc‘ anjnanunneri baṙaran (Dictionary of Armenian Personal Names), vol. 5, Yerevan: YSU Publishing house (in Armenian).
  6. Arakelyan, M. 2012. Mesrop of Xizan. An Armenian Master of the Seventeenth Century, London: Paul Holberton Publishing.
  7. Avetisyan, A. 2016. Mesrop Xizancʻu “Surb Całik” Avetaranǝ. Matenadarani hmr 11203 Avetarani nkarazardumǝ (The “Holy Flower” Gospel of Mesrop of Khizan: Illumination of Ms 11203 Gospel of Matenadaran), Study and album, Yerevan: “Nairi” press.
  8. Brock S., Goldfus H., Kofsky A., 2006-2007. The Syriac Inscriptions at the Entrance to the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, “Aram”, N 18-19, pp. 415-38.
  9. Bowman, G. W. 2014. The Politics of Ownership: State, Governance and the Status Quo in the Anastasis (Holy Sepulchre), in Barkey K. and Barkan E. (eds.) “Choreographies of Shared Sacred Sites,” New York: Columbia University Press: pp. 202-40. DOI:10.7312/columbia/9780231169943.003.0007
  10. Cabelli D., Mathews Th. F. 1982. The Palette of Khatchatur of Khizan, “The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery”, vol. 40, 37-40.
  11. Eordegian, M. 2003. British and Israeli Maintenance of the Status Quo in the Holy Places of Christendom, “International Journal of Middle East Studies,” N 2 (35): 307-28.
  12. [Galustean], Sh. Bishop, 1958. Salarkum Surb Yakobay tačarin ew patahakan pełumner ayd aṙt‘iw (Pavement Works at St. James Cathedral and Excavations on that Occasion), “Sion,” N 9-10: 232-238 (in Armenian).
  13. Ghougassian, V. S., 2007. Wealthy Merchants and Factors. The Legacy of Julfa, in Sushil Ch. et Kévonian K. (eds), “Les Arméniens dans le commerce asiatique au début de l’ère modern.” Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, pp. 51-61.
  14. Harutyunyan, Kh. 2019. Hayeren jeṙagreri hišatakarannerǝ (The Armenian Colophons), Yerevan: Matenadaran, “Tigran Mets” publishing house (in Armenian).
  15. Harutyunyan, Kh. 2022. Erusałemi hayocʻ Surb Pʻrkičʻ vankʻǝ ev ir vimagrakan žaṙangutʻyunǝ (The Armenian Monastery of Holy Saviour and its Epigraphic Haritage), “Hushardzan” Scientific journal, 1 (17): 9-30. DOI: 10.55610/18294251-2022.zhe-9 (in Armenian).
  16. Harutyunyan, Kh. 2024. Newly Discovered Inscriptions From the Armenian Cathedral of St. James in Jerusalem, “Cercetări Arheologice,” 31/1, pp. 235-247, https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.31.1.15
  17. Hakobyan, T. Kh., Melik-Bakhshyan, St. T., Barseghyan, H. Kh. 1988. Hayastani ev harakic‘ šrǰanneri tełanunneri baṙaran (Dictionary of Toponyms of Armenia and Surrounding Regions), vol. 2, D-K, Yerevan: YSU Publishing house (in Armenian).
  18. Hakobyan, T. Kh., Melik-Bakhshyan, St. T., Barseghyan, H. Kh. 1998. Hayastani ev harakic‘ šrǰanneri tełanunneri baṙaran (Dictionary of Toponyms of Armenia and Surrounding Regions), vol. 4, P-F, Yerevan: YSU Publishing house (in Armenian).
  19. Khachikyan, L. S. (ed.) 1958. ŽE dari hayeren jeṙagreri hišatakaranner (Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts of the Fifteenth Century), vol. 2 (1451-1480), Yerevan: NAS Press (in Armenian).
  20. Khachikyan, L., Matevosyan, A., Ghazarosyan, A. (eds.), 2018. Hayeren jeṙagreri hišatakaranner, ŽD dar, masn A (1301-1325) (Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, XIV century, part 1 (1301-1325)), Yerevan: “Nairi” publishing house (in Armenian).
  21. Khatchadourian, H., Basmajian, M. 2014. L’art des khatchkars. Les pierres à croix arméniennes d’Ispahan et de Jérusalem, Paris: S.N. Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner S.A.
  22. Khatcherian, H.H. 2017. Khatchkar, [Canada?, publisher not identified].
  23. Kurdian, H. 1951. Xizani dprocin gričʻnern u manrankaričʻnerǝ ew irencʻ yišatakarannerǝ (Scribes and Miniaturists of the Khizan School and their Colophons), Paris: Araxes press (in Armenian).
  24. Malkhaseants, S. 1944. Hayerēn bac‘atrakan baṙaran (Armenian Explanatory Dictionary), vol. 3, H – O, Yerevan: Soviet Armenian State Press (in Armenian).
  25. Mikayelyan, V. A. 1964. Łrimi haykakan gałut‘i patmut‘yun (History of the Armenian Community of Crimea), Yerevan: Soviet Armenian Academy Press (in Armenian).
  26. McGowan, A. B., 2014. Ancient Christian Worship. Early Church Practices in Social, Historical, and Theological Perspective, Michigan: Baker Academic Press.
  27. Pataridze, T., Tchekanovets, Y., 2016. Revisiting the Georgian Inscriptions on the Portal of the Holy Sepulchre Church in Jerusalem, “Le Muséon”, N 129 (3-4), pp. 396-99.
  28. Petrosyan, H. 2015. The Book of Life in the Armenian Culture: The Ideology and the Iconography, “Civilization Researches”, 13, pp. 20-24.
  29. Pierri, R., Ovadiah, A. 2015, A Greek Dedicatory Inscription Found in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem: “Liber Annus”, 65, pp. 471-81. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.LA.4.000123
  30. Raaijmakers, J. 2000. The Memory of a Person’s Name, in Ingrand-Varenne E., Pallottini E., and Raaijmakers J. (eds.), “Writing Names in Medieval Sacred Spaces: Inscriptions in the West, from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages”, Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy, 56, Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 277-97. DOI <10.1484/M.USML-EB.5.133541>
  31. Saghumyan, S. 1980. P‘akagrut‘yunǝ hay vimagrut‘yan meǰ (Ligature in the Armenian Epigraphy), “Lraber”, 3, pp. 73-91 (in Armenian).
  32. Sanjian, A. K. 1968. The Historical Significance of the Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, “Le Muséon” 81, pp. 181-95.
  33. Savalaneants, T. 1931b. Patmut‘iwn Erusałēmi (History of Jerusalem), vol. 2, trans. by Bishop Mesrop Nshanean, Jerusalem: St. James Press (in Armenian).
  34. Sirinian, A. 2014. On the Historical and Literary Value of the Colophons in Armenian Manuscripts, “Armenian Philology in the Modern Era, from Manuscript to Digital Text”, ed. by V. Calzolari with the collaboration of M.E. Stone, Leiden-Boston: Brill, pp. 65-100.
  35. Stone, M.E. 1990‑91. Armenian Inscriptions of the Fifth Century from Nazareth, “Revue des Etudes Armeniennes” 22, 315‑22.
  36. Stone, M.E. 1998. The Mixed Erkat‘agir-Bolorgir Script in Armenian Manuscripts, “Le Muséon”, 111: 293-317
  37. Stone, M. E., Kouymjian, D., Lehmann, H. 2002. Album of Armenian Paleography, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
  38. Stone, M. E., Harutyunyan, Kh. A. 2020a. Surb Harutʻyan tačari hayeren arjanagrutʻyunnerǝ, mas aṙaǰin, Surb Hovhannes avetaraničʻ ekełecʻin ev nra arjanagrutʻyunnerǝ (Armenian Inscriptions of the Church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, Part 1. The Chapel of John the Evangelist and Its Inscriptions, “VEM Pan-Armenian Journal,” N 2 (70): 159-177 (in Armenian).
  39. Stone, M. E., Harutyunyan, Kh. A. 2020b. Surb Harutʻyan tačari hayeren arjanagrutʻyunnerǝ, mas erkrord. mutkʻi syunerǝ ev haravayin paty (Armenian Inscriptions of the Church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, Part 2. The Pillars of the Entrance to the Church and the Southern Wall), “VEM Pan-Armenian Journal,” N 3 (71): 219-245 (in Armenian).
  40. Stone, M. E., Harutyunyan, Kh. A. 2020c. Surb Harutʻyan tačari hayeren arjanagrutʻyunnerǝ, mas errord. Surb Grigor Lusavoričʻ ekełecʻin (S. Hełinei ekełecʻin) (Armenian Inscriptions of the Church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, Part 3. The Church of St Gregory the Illuminator (St Helena Chapel), “VEM Pan-Armenian Journal,”N 4 (72): 179-205 (in Armenian).
  41. Yasin, A.M. 2015. Prayers on Site: The Materiality of Devotional Graffiti and the Production of Early Christian Sacred Space, in A. Eastmond (ed.), “Viewing Inscriptions in the Late Antique and Medieval World”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36-60.
  42. Tchekhanovets, Y. 2018. The Caucasian Archaeology of the Holy Land. Armenian, Georgian and Albanian Communities between the Fourth and Eleventh Centuries CE, Leiden: Brill.
  43. Tedeschi, C. 2022. Hic fuit: Scratching Names on Sacred Walls, in Ingrand-Varenne E., Pallottini E., and Raaijmakers J. (eds.), “Writing Names in Medieval Sacred Spaces: Inscriptions in the West, from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages”, Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy, 56, Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 167-185. DOI <10.1484/M.USML-EB.5.133537>
  44. Van Elverdinghe, E. 2022. Modèles et copies. Étude d’une formule des colophons de manuscrits arméniens, VIIIe- XIXe siecles, Lovani: Aedibus Peeters.

Creative Commons Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License