Recruitment and Manipulation in the Roman World

Cercetări Arheologice 16, 2009, 315-328
https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.16.16



Recruitment and Manipulation in the Roman World

Authors: Cosmin Onofrei

Keywords:

Recruitment; Manipulation; Foedus, Gentes; Auxilia

Abstract:

Armata romană a beneficiat atât în trecut cât şi în prezent de numeroase studii, fiind un subiect care a fascinat savanţii din toate colţurile lumii. La momentul actual dispunem de lucrări ce ne prezintă structura armatei, modul de recrutare în cadrul său, ascensiunea în mediul militar şi diversele grade existente, precum şi informaţii utile referitoare la plata, alimentaţia, ocupaţiile sau lăsarea la vatră a militarilor. În marea lor parte aceste studii, foarte bine documentate, prezintă datele doar din perspectiva Romei, şi anume necesitatea Imperiului de a menţine o armată competitivă în toate zonele de graniţă. Pe de altă parte, impactul şi implicaţiile ulterioare pe care recrutarea le avea asupra societăţilor care ofereau recruţi au fost puţin comentate de majoritatea autorilor. Situaţia existentă urmează a fi prezentată din perspectiva a patru populaţii, diferite una de alta, dar care în trecut fuseseră legate toate de Roma printr– un foedus. Cele patru exemple le reprezintă batavii, palmyrenii, maurii şi goţii.

Download: PDF

How to cite: Cosmin Onofrei, Recruitment and Manipulation in the Roman World, Cercetări Arheologice, Vol. 16, pag. 315-328, 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.16.16

Bibliography

  1. G. Alföldy, Die Hilfstruppen der römischen Provinz Germania Inferior, Epigraphische Studien 6, Düsseldorf.
  2. Doina Benea, Numerus Maurorum Tibiscensium. Contribuţii la istoria trupelor de mauri din Dacia, Banatica, 8, 139–154.
  3. A. Birley, Garrison Life at Vindolanda. A Band of Brothers, Tempus/England.
  4. G. L. Cheesman, The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army, Oxford.
  5. T. Derks, Gods, Temples and Ritual Practices. The Transformation of Religious Ideas and Values in Roman Gaul, Amsterdam.
  6. T. Derks, Ethnic identity in the Roman frontier. The epigraphy of Batavi and other Lower Rhine tribes, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity. The Role of Power and Tradition (ed. T. Derks, N. Roymans), Amsterdam, 239–282.
  7. Eugenia Equini Schneider, Palmireni in Africa, L’africa romana. Atti del V convegno di studio Sassari, 11–13 dicembre 1987 (ed. Attilio Mastino), 1987, 383–395.
  8. M. Feugère, Les armes des Romains de la Republique à l’Antiquité tardive, Paris, 1993.
  9. J. G. Février, Essai sur l’histoire politique et économique de Palmyre.
  10. G. Forni, Contributo alla storia della Dacia romana, Esercito et marina di Roma Antica: Raccolta di Contributi, Mavors Roman Army, vol. V, Stuttgart, 1992, 324–390.
  11. R. N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, München.
  12. M. Gowlikowski, Les princes de Palmyre, Syria 62, 251–261.
  13. M. Gawlikowski, A Fortress in Mesopotamia: Hatra, The Roman and Byzantine Army in the East. Procedings of a colloqium held at the Jagellonian University, Kraków in September 1992 (ed. E. Dabrowa), Kraków, 47–56.
  14. K. Godłowski, Die Barbaren nördlich der Westkarpaten und das Karpatenbecken – Einwanderungen, politische und militärische Kontakte, Specimina Nova 9, 65–89.
  15. F. G. Graf, Foederati on the Northen and Eastern Frontiers. A Comparative Analysis, The second International Symposium (Murighiol/Halmyris 18–24 August 1996). Studia Danubiana Pars Romaniae series symposia I. The Roman Frontier at the Lower Danube 4th–6th centuries, Bucharest, 17–31.
  16. Christine Hamdoune, Les auxilia externa africains des armées romaines. III siècle av. J.–C. – IV siècle ap. J. – C., Montpellier.
  17. I. P. Haynes, The Impact of auxiliary recruitment on provincial societies from Augustus to Caracalla. Administration, Prosopography and Appointment Policies in the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the first workshop of the international network: Impact of Empire (Roman Empire 27 B. C.–A. D. 406), Leiden, June 28–July 1, (ed. L. de Blois), Amsterdam, 62–83.
  18. P. J. Heather, The Peoples of Europe. The Goths, Blackwell–Oxford.
  19. P. J. Heather, Foedera and foederati of the fourth century, Kingdoms of the Empire. The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity (ed. W. Pohl), Leiden, 57–74.
  20. P. A. Holder, The Auxilia from Augustus to Trajan, Oxford, BAR IS 70.
  21. P. A. Holder, The Roman Army in Britain, New York.
  22. B. Isaac, B., The Limits of Empire. The Roman Army in the East, Oxford.
  23. M. Kazanski, Les Goths Ier–VIIe siècles après J.–C., Paris.D. L. Kennedy, Cohors XX Palmyrenorum – an alternative explanation of the numeral, ZPE 53, 214–216.
  24. S. Kerneys–Poly, Les numeri ethniques de l’armée romaine aux IIe–IIIe siècles, RSA 26, 69–94.
  25. D. J. Knight, The Movements of the Auxilia from Augustus to Hadrian, ZPE 85, 189–208.
  26. A. Kokowski, Vorschlag zur relativen Chronologie der südöstlichen Kulturen des Gotenkreises (Die Forschungsergebnisse der Masłomęcz–Gruppe in Polen), Die Sîntana de Mureş–Černjachov–Kultur. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums in Caputh vom 20. bis 24. Oktober 1995 (ed. G. Gomolka–Fuchs), Bonn, 179–210.
  27. M. Kulikowski, Rome’s Gothic Wars, Cambridge.
  28. P. Le Roux, Les Diplômes militares et l’évolution de l’armée romaine de Claude à Septime Sévère: auxilia, numeri et nationes, Heer und Integrationspòlitik: die römische Militärdiplome als historische Quelle, Köln–Wien, 347–374.
  29. A. Lewin, The Organization of a Roman Territory: the southern section of provincia Arabia, The Roman and Byzantine Army in the east. Proccedings of a colloquim held at the Jagellonian University, Kraków in September 1992 (ed. E. Dabrowa), Kraków, 109–118.
  30. B. Lőrincz, Die römischen Hilfstruppen in Pannonien während der Prinzipatszeit, Wien.
  31. A. Maricq, Res Gestae Divi Saporis, Syria 35, 295–360.
  32. Fl. Matei–Popescu, O. Ţentea, Participarea trupelor auxiliare din Moesia Superior şi Moesia Inferior la cucerirea Daciei, Dacia Augusti Provincia, 75–120.
  33. F. Millar, The Roman Coloniae in the Near East. Roman Eastern Policy and Other Studies in Roman History. Proceedings of a Colloquium at Tvärminne 2–3 october 1987, (H. Solin, M. Kajava ed.), Helsinki, 7–57.
  34. F. Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 BC–AD 337, London.
  35. Mitchell, S., Notes on Military Recruitment from the Eastern Roman Provinces, The Roman and Byzantine Army in the east. Proccedings of a colloqium held at the Jagellonian University, Kraków in September 1992 (ed. E. Dabrowa), Kraków, 141–148.
  36. Nemeth, E., Die numeri im römischen Heer Dakiens, EN 7, 101–116.
  37. Neusner, J., The Jews East of the Euphrates and the Roman Empire, I. 1st–3rd Centuries A. D., ANRW II. 9. 1, 46–69.
  38. C. Onofrei, Maurii în Dacia, RB 21, 1, 269–282.
  39. C., C. Petolescu, Palmyreni sagittarii dans un nouveau diplôme militaire de la Dacie Supérieure, Latomus 34, 4, 1020–1023.
  40. Petolescu, C.C., Auxilia Daciae. Contribuţii la istoria militară a Daciei romane, Bucureşti.
  41. Pollard, N., Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria, Michigan.
  42. M. –Th. Raepsaet–Charlier, MunicipiumTungrorum, Latomus 54, 361–369.
  43. J.–P. Rey–Coquais, Syrie romaine, de Pompée à Dioclétien, JRS 68, 44–73.
  44. N. Roymans, The North Belgic tribes in the 1st century BC. A historical–anthropological perspective, Roman and native in the Low Countries. Spheres of interaction, BAR IS 184, 43–69.
  45. N. Roymans, Tribal societies in Northern Gaul. An anthropological perspective, Cingula 12, Amsterdam.
  46. D. B. Saddington, The Development of the Roman Auxiliary forces from Augustus to Trajan, ANRW II.3, 176–201.
  47. D.B. Saddington, The Roman Government and the Roman Auxilia, Limes 19 Pècs, 63–69.
  48. E. Savino., Città di frontiera nell’impero romano. Forme della romanizzazione da Augusto ai Severi, Bari.
  49. H. Seyrig, Le statut de Palmyre, Syria 22, 155–175.
  50. H. Seyrig, Inscriptions greques de l’Agora de Palmyre, Syria 22, 223–270.
  51. P. Southern, The Numeri of the Roman Imperial Army, Britannia 20, 81–140.
  52. P. Southern, The Empire from Severus to Constantine, London–New–York.
  53. P. Southern, R. K. Dixon, The Late Roman Army, London.
  54. M. P. Speidel, The rise of Ethnic Units in the Roman Imperial Army, ANRW II, 3, 201–231.
  55. M. P. Speidel, Pannonian troops in the Moorish war of Antoninus Pius, Limes 11 Székesfehérvár, 129–136.
  56. M. P. Speidel, The Roman Army in Arabia, ANRW II.8, 1977, 687–730.
  57. M. P. Speidel, Germani Corporis Custodes, RAS II, Stuttgart, 105–119.
  58. M. P. Speidel, Palmyrenian Irregulars at Kaptos, RAS II, 82–85.
  59. M. P. Speidel, The Rise of the Mercenaries in the Third Century, RAS II, 71–81.
  60. O. Ţentea, Trupele siro–arabe de pe limesul dunărean al Imperiului Roman, Diss., Cluj–Napoca.
  61. H. van Enkevort, The significance of the building activities of Trajan and the Legio X Gemina for the integration of the Batavians of the Roman Empire, Limes 19 Pècs, 85–91.
  62. W. J. H. Willems, Romans and Batavians. A regional study in the Dutch eastern river area II, BROB 34, 39–331.
  63. H.Wolfram, History of the Goths, Los Angeles–London.
  64. R. Wuthnow, Die semitischen Menschennamen in griechischen Inschriften und Papyri des vorderen Orients, Leipzig.
  65. C. Zuckerman, Les Barbares romains: au sujet de l’origine des auxilia tétrarchiques, L’armée romaine et les barbares du IIIe au VIIe siècle (ed. F. Vallet, M. Kazanski), 17–20.

Creative Commons Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License