Preliminary considerations and notes on the Sarmatian burial vestiges of Timișoara – „Hladik 1” (Timiș county)

Cercetări Arheologice 29.2, 2022, 513-540
https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.29.2.05



Preliminary considerations and notes on the Sarmatian burial vestiges of Timișoara – „Hladik 1” (Timiș county)

Authors: Vitalie Bârcă Cristian Florescu Cristinel Fântâneanu Anca Matiș

Keywords:

The Sarmatae, the Iazyges, burials, ritual ditched enclosures, artefacts, the Pannonian Plain, the Banat

Abstract:

The 2019-2020 archaeological research resulted in the discovery, near Timișoara, at site Hladik 1, of a Sarmatae cemetery of which 139 burials have been investigated, some encircled by a ditch. The grave goods in the Timișoara – „Hladik 1” burials, rather varied and rich, are represented by handmade or wheel-thrown pots, domestic and household objects, toiletries, silver coins, adornment and dress items, weapons, etc. The preliminary analysis of the grave goods dates grosso modo the graves’ group to the chronological frame between late 2nd century and last decades of the 3rd century AD.

Download: PDF

How to cite: Vitalie Bârcă, Cristian Florescu, Cristinel Fântâneanu, Anca Matiș, Preliminary considerations and notes on the Sarmatian burial vestiges of Timișoara – „Hladik 1” (Timiș county), Cercetări Arheologice, Vol. 29.2, pag. 513-540, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.46535/ca.29.2.05

Bibliography

  1. Andrzejowski, J. 2017. Dwuczęściowe zapinki z podwinięta nóżka I górna cieciwa. Wariant Spychówko- Drozdowo, in: E. Droberjar and B. Komoróczy (eds.) Římské a Germánské spony ve střední Evropě. Archeologie barbarů 2012: 347-361. Brno: Archeologický ústav AV ČR.
  2. Andrzejowski, J. 2018. Jartypory-type brooches – traces of a ‘living culture’ or just a research construct ?, in: A. Michałowski and J. Schuster (eds.) Kulturkonzepte und konzipierte Kulturen. Aussagemöglichkeiten und Grenzen einer systematischen Erfassung archäologischer Funde des eisenzeitlichen Mittel-und Nordeuropas. Akten des Internationalen Colloquiums anlässlich des 100. Jahrestages des Erscheinens des Fundkataloges von Erich Blume im Jahr 1915, Puszczykowo 2015, 6.-9. Mai. Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte Band 23: 99-128. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
  3. Bârcă, V. 2006. Istorie şi civilizaţie. Sarmaţii în spaţiul est-carpatic (sec. I a. Chr. – începutul sec. II p. Chr.). Cluj- Napoca: Argonaut.
  4. Bârcă, V. 2006a. Nomazi ai stepelor. Sarmaţii timpurii în spaţiul nord-pontic (sec. II-I a. Chr.). Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut.
  5. Bârcă, V. 2014. Sarmatian vestiges discovered south of the Lower Mures River. The graves from Hunedoara Timișană and Arad. Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing House.
  6. Bârcă, V. 2014a. Returned foot exterior chord brooches made of a single metal piece (Type Almgren 158) recently discovered in the Western Plain of Romania. Notes on origin and chronology. Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 1, 2: 21-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14795/j.v1i2.50
  7. Bârcă, V. 2015. A few notes on the emergence and distribution in the Sarmatian environment of variously shaped ditched enclosures, with or without graves inside. In: R. Kogălniceanu, M. Gligor, R.-G. Curcă and S. Stratton (eds.) Homines, Funera, Astra 2. The Archaeology of Death in Ancient Times (Romanian Case Studies). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Funerary Anthropology, 23-26 September 2012, 1 Decembrie 1918 University (Alba Iulia, Romania): 103-118. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
  8. Bârcă, V. 2016. Disc brooches of box/capsule type (Dosenfibel/Kapselfibel) in the Sarmatian environment of the Great Hungarian Plain. A few notes on their dating and origin Orbis Romanus and Barbaricum, in: V. Bârcă (ed.) The Barbarians around the Province of Dacia and Their Relations with the Roman Empire: 251-282. Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing House.
  9. Bârcă, V. 2017. Notes on the metal pyxides recently discovered in the Sarmatian environment south the Lower Mureș River. Plural. History-Culture-Society 5, 2: 101-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v5i2_4
  10. Bârcă, V. 2018. Notes on the use, dating and origin of the bucket-shaped pendants from the Sarmatian environment of the Great Hungarian Plain. Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 5, 2: 37-63. DOI: https://doi. org/10.14795/j.v5i2.325
  11. Bârcă, V. 2020. Funerary Ditched Enclosures in the Sarmatian Funerary Ritual. Observations Regarding Their Introduction, Distribution, Use, and Dating. Ziridava Studia Archaeologica 34: 325-376.
  12. Bârcă, V. 2021. Bucket-shaped pendants from the Sarmatae environment. A few notes on the origin, dating and use of these amulets in the Barbarian world. Cercetări Arheologice 28, 2: 411-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46535/ ca.28.2.05
  13. Bârcă, V. and Cociș, S. 2013. Sarmatian Graves Surrounded by Flat Circular Ditch Discovered at Nădlac (Arad County, Romania). Ephemeris Napocensis 23: 31-50.
  14. Bârcă, V. and Cociș, S. 2022. Brooches of type Almgren group VII, Series I, variation with headknob and vertical catchplate from the territory of Romania, in: A. V. Mastykova and E. A. Khajredinova (eds.) Mogil’nik rimskogo vremeni Frontovoe 3: varvary na granitsakh Imperii / The Roman Period Cemetery of Frontovoe 3: The Barbarians on the Borders of the Empire: 248-259. Moskva: Institut arkheologii Rossijskoj akademii nauk.
  15. Bârcă V. and Grumeza L. 2014. Sarmatian burials in coffins and funerary timber features recently discovered in the Western Plain of Romania. Ephemeris Napocensis 24: 157-194.
  16. Bârcă V. and Grumeza L. 2022. Sarmatae burials and cemeteries excavated in recent years in south-western Romania, in: A. V. Mastykova and E. A. Khajredinova (eds.) Mogil’nik rimskogo vremeni Frontovoe 3: varvary na granitsakh Imperii / The Roman Period Cemetery of Frontovoe 3: The Barbarians on the Borders of the Empire: 206-215. Moskva: Institut arkheologii Rossijskoj akademii nauk.
  17. Bârcă V. and Grumeza L. 2022a. Clothes Make the Woman: The Beads Fashion in the Sarmatian Cemetery from Hunedoara Timișană. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii / Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology 268 (forthcoming).
  18. Bârcă, V. and Symonenko, O. 2009. Călăreţii stepelor. Sarmaţii în spaţiul nord-pontic. Cluj-Napoca: Mega.
  19. Bejan, A., Măruia, L. and Tănase, D. 2011. Un mormânt cu podoabe de aur din epoca sarmatică timpurie descoperit la Sânnicolau Mare – Selişte (jud. Timiş). Analele Banatului S. N. 29: 161-180.
  20. Bojović, D. 1983. Rimske fibule Singidunuma. Beograd: Muzej grada Beograda.
  21. Böhme, A. 1972. Die Fibelen der Kastelle Saalburg und Zugmantel. Saalburg Jahrbuch 29: 5-112.
  22. Buora, M. 1994. Fibeln germanischen Ursprungs im Archäologischen Museum Aquileia. Germania 72/2: 606-611.
  23. Cociş, S. 2004. Fibulele din Dacia romană / The Brooches from Roman Dacia. Cluj-Napoca: Mega.
  24. Cociş, S. 2014. Die Fibeln mit umgeschlagenem Fuss und mit äusserer Sehne vom Typ Almgren 158 und 166 (Neue Beiträge zur Chronologie der spätrömischen Kaiserzeit in Westrumänien), in: S. Cociș (ed.) Archäologische Beiträge – Gedenkschrift zun hundertsten Geburtstag von Kurt Horedt: 127-137. Cluj-Napoca: Mega.
  25. Cociș, S. and Bârcă, V. 2014. The “Sarmatian” brooches (headknob and full catchplate variant, Almgren Group VII, Series I) in the Dacia Province and the Barbarian Environment of the Tisza River Basin. Dacia N. S. 58: 189- 214.
  26. Cociș, S. and Bârcă, V. 2020. Brooches of type Almgren group VII, Series I, variation with headknob and vertical catchplate from the east and south-east of Romania (the Barbarian world). Ephemeris Napocensis 30: 137-180. DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2020.30.137.
  27. Grumeza, L. 2011. The Sarmatian Necropolis from Foeni (Timiş County). Analele Banatului 29: 181-205.
  28. Grumeza, L. 2013. Typology and Chronology of the Beads Found within the Foeni Sarmatian Necropolis. Tibiscum 3: 245-260.
  29. Grumeza, L. 2014. Sarmatian Cemeteries from Banat (Late 1st – Early 5th Centuries AD). Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing House.
  30. Grumeza L. 2020. The More Colourful, the Better! Polychrome Glass Beads of the 2nd-4th Century Cemeteries in Banat, in: M. Mărgărit and A. Boroneanț (eds.) Beauty and the eye of the beholder. Personal adornments across the millennia: 437-445. Târgoviște: Cetatea de Scaun.
  31. Grumeza, L. and Bârcă, V. 2020. Glass beads discovered in the Sarmatian cemeteries from south-western Romania. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine / Археологія і давня історія України 3 (36): 402-415. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.28
  32. Grumeza, L. Rumegă-Irimuș, L. and Bârcă, V. 2014. Beads, in: V. Bârcă, Sarmatian Vestiges Discovered South of the Lower Mures River. The Graves from Hunedoara Timișană and Arad: 120-133. Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing House.
  33. Grumeza, L. and Ursuțiu, A. 2016. Amenajări funerare circulare descoperite pe tronsonul autostrăzii Nădlac-Arad, Siturile Nădlac 3 M Nord și 4 M. Arheologia Moldovei 39: 195-213.
  34. Hullám, D. 2012. Római császárkori temetkezések Kántorjánosi és Pócspetri határában, in: Á. Szabó and Zs. Masek (eds.) Ante viam stratam, A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeummegelőző feltárásai Kántorjánosi s Pócspetrihatárában az M3 autópálya nyírségi nyomvonalán: 351-394. Budapest: Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum.
  35. Hullám, D. and Hullám, G. 2013. Mi mellett törünk lándzsát? Kísérlet a Kárpát-medencei Barbaricum lándzsáinak új szempontú vizsgálatára, in: I. G. Farkas and A. Szabó(eds.) Res Militares Antiquae, Ókori Hadtörténeti és Fegyvertörténeti Konferencia Tanulmányai, Pécs, 2013. február 22-23: 91-128. [Specimina nova dissertationum ex Instituto Historiae Antiquae et Archaeologiae Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis. Supplementum XII]. Pécs.
  36. Istvánovits, E. and Kulcsár, V. 1994. Roman and Germanic elements in the armament of the barrow-graves of the 2nd-3rd centuries A.D. in the Great Hungarian Plain, in: C. von Carnap-Bornheim (ed.) Beiträge zu römische und barbarischer Bewaffnung in den ersten vier nachchristlichen Jahrhunderten. Acten des 2. Internationalen Kolloquiums in Marburg a. d. Lahn, 20. Bis 24. Februar 1994: 405-416. Lublin/Marburg: Vorgeschichtliches Seminar der Philipps-Universität.
  37. Istvánovits, E. and Kulcsár, V. 1995. Szálfegyverek és íjak a Dunától keletre fekvő kárpát-medencei szarmata Barbaricumban. Altum Castrum 4: 9-32.
  38. Istvánovits, E. and Kulcsár, V. 2003. Some traces of the Sarmatian-Germanic contacts in the Great Hungarian Plain, in: C. von Carnap-Bornheim (ed.) Kontakt-Kooperation-Konflikt. Germanen und Sarmaten zwischen dem 1. und dem 4. Jahrhundert nacht Christus. Internationales Kolloquium des Vorgeschichtlichen Seminars der Philipps-Universität Marburg, 12. – 16. Februar 1998: 227-238. Neumünster: Wachholtz.
  39. Istvánovits, E. and Kulcsár, V. 2005. Some considerations on the role of the buckles in the costume of the Sarmatians in the Great Hungarian Plain, in: P. Łuczkiewicz (ed.) Europa Barbarica. Ćwierć wieku archeologii w Masłomęczu. Monumenta Studia Gothica 4: 173-184. Lublin: Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
  40. Istvánovits, E. and Kulcsár, V. 2008. Sarmatian swords with ring shaped pommels in the Carpathian Basin, in: L. Kocsis (ed.) The enemies of Rome. Proceedings of the 15th International Roman Military Equipment Conference, Budapest Hungary, Hungarian National Museum, 1st to 4th September 2005 (= Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 16): 95-105.
  41. Istvánovits, E. and Kulcsár, V. 2014. Sarmatian Archery in the Carpathian Basin – Revisited, in: R. Madyda- Legutko and J. Rodzińska-Nowak (eds.) Honoratissimum assensus genus est ar mis laudare. Studia dedykowane Profesorowi Piotrowi Kaczanowskiemu z okazii siedmdziesiątej rocznicy urodzin: 143-149. Kraków: Towarzystwo Wydawnicze „Historia Iagiellonica”.
  42. Istvánovits, E., Kulcsár, V. and Carnap-Bornheim, C. 2006. The barbarian warrior burial from Tiszalök-Rázompuszta in the 3rd century history of the Upper Tisza Region. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 36: 91-110.
  43. Jobst, W. 1975. Die römischen Fibeln aus Lauriacum. Forschungen in Lauriacum 10. Linz: Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum.
  44. Khazanov, A. M. 1971. Ocherki voennogo dela sarmatov. Moskva: Nauka.
  45. Khrapunov, I. N., Istvánovits, E., Kulcsár, V. and Stoyanova, A. A. 2020. Oruzhie sarmatskogo vremeni v Krymu i v Al’fel’de. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii 25: 5-24.
  46. Kolník, T. 1965. K typológii a chronológii niektorých spón z mladsey doby rimskej na juhozápadnom Slovensku. Slovenská Archeologia 13, 1: 183-236.
  47. Kovács, L. and Vaday, A. 1999. On the problem of the marine gastropod shell pendants in the Sarmatian Barbaricum in the Carpathian Basin, in: A. Vaday (ed.) Pannonia and Beyond – Studies in Honour of László Barkóczi (= Antaeus 24, 1997-1998): 247-277. Budapest: Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
  48. Kulcsár, V. 1998. A kárpát-medencei szarmaták temetkezési szokásai. Aszód: Osváth Gedeon Múzeumi Alapítvány.
  49. Lloyd-Morgan, G. 1981. The Mirrors, including a description of the Roman mirrors found in the Netherlands, in other Dutch museums. Description of the Collections in the Rijksmuseum G. M. Kam at Nijmegen IX. Nijmegen: Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Social Welfare.
  50. Maczyńska, M. 2003. Przeworsk-Kultur. Jüngere und späte Römische Kaiserzeit, in: H. Beck, D. Geuenich and H. Steuer (eds.) Reallexicon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 23: 553-567. Berlin-New-York: De Gruyter.
  51. Marchenko, I. I. 1996. Siraki Kubani (po materialam kurgannyh pogrebenij Nizhnej Kubani). Krasnodar: Kubanskij gosudarstvennyj universitet.
  52. Madyda-Legutko, R. 1986. Die Gürtelschnallen der römischer Keiserzeit und frühen Völkerwanderungszeit im mitteleuropäischen Barbaricum. British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 360. Oxford: Archaeopress.
  53. Niezabitowska-Wiśniewska, В. 2012. Distribution of Roman Mirrors in Scandinavia and in the Crimea – the Differences and Similarities, in: Piotr Łuczkiewicz (ed.) The Younger Generation „Akten des ersten Lublin- Berliner Doktorandenkolloqiums am 09.-10.06.2010 in Lublin”: 181-342. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
  54. Nowakowski, W. 1988. Metallglocken aus der römischen Kaiserzeit im europäischen Barbaricum. Archaeologia Polona 27: 69-146.
  55. Párducz, M. 1960. Koraszarmata sírok Csanyteleken. Folia Archaeologica 12: 71-74.
  56. Petković, S. 2010. Rimske fibule u Srbiji od I do V veka n. e. Beograd: Аrheološki institut.
  57. Riha, E. 1979. Die römischen Fibeln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst. Forschungen in Augst, 3. Augst: Amt für Museen und Archäologie des Kantons Basel-Landschaft.
  58. Schulte, L. 2011. Die Fibelen mit hohem Nadelhalter (Almgren Grupe VII). Neumünster: Wachholz Verlag.
  59. Simonenko, A. V. 1984. Sarmatskie mechi i kinzhaly na territorii Severnogo Prichernomor’ya, in: E. V. Chernenko (ed.) Vooruzhenie skifov i sarmatov: 129-147. Kiev: Naukova dumka.
  60. Simonenko, A. V. 1993. Sarmatian tribes of the Great Hungarian Plain and the north pontic region. Problem of migration. Specimina Nova 9: 59-64.
  61. Simonenko, A. V. 1993a. Sarmaty Tavrij. Kiev: Naukova dumka.
  62. Simonenko, A. V. 2001. On the tribal structure of some migrations waves of Sarmatians to the Carpathian Basin, in: E. Istvánovits and V. Kulcsár (eds.) International Connections of the Barbarians of the Carpathian Basin in the 1st-5th centuries A.D.: 117-124. Aszód-Nyíregyháza: Osváth Gedeon Museum Foundatio-Jósa András Múzeum.
  63. Simonenko, A. V. 2001a. Bewaffung und Kriegswesen der Sarmaten und späten Skythen im nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiet. Eurasia Antiqua 7: 187-327.
  64. Simonenko, A. V. 2010. Sarmatskie vsadniki Severnogo Prichernomor’ya. Sankt-Peterburg: Nestor-Istoriya.
  65. Simonenko, A. V. 2015. Sarmatskie vsadniki Severnogo Prichernomor’ya. Izdanie 2-e, ispravlennoe i dopolnennoe. Kiev: Izdatel’ Oleg Filyuk.
  66. Skripkin, A. S. 1990. Aziatskaya Sarmatiya. Problemy khronologii i eĕ istoricheskij aspekt. Saratov: Izdatel’stvo Saratovskogo universiteta.
  67. Stavilă, S. and Craiovan, B. A. 2020. Sarmatian graves discovered within the archaeological site of Moșniţa Veche – „Dealul Sălaș” (Timiș county, Romania). Banatica 30, 1: 297-316.
  68. Tănase, D. and Mare, M. 2000. Pătrunderea sarmaţilor în vestul Banatului, in lumina unor noi descoperiri arheologice. Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie veche şi Arheologie 51, 3-4: 193-208.
  69. Vaday, A. 1985. Sarmatisches Gräberfeld in Törökszentmiklós-Surján-újtelep. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 37, 3-4: 345-390.
  70. Vaday, A. H. 1989. Die sarmatischen Denkmäler des Komitats Szolnok (= Antaeus 17-18, 1988-1989), Budapest: Archäologisches Inst. der UAW.
  71. Vaday, A. 2001. Military System of the Sarmatians. in: E. Istvánovits and V. Kulcsár (eds.) International Connections of the Barbarians of the Carpathian Basin in the 1st-5th centuries A.D.: 171-193. Aszód-Nyíregyháza: Osváth Gedeon Museum Foundation – Jósa András Múzeum.
  72. Vaday, A. 2002. The world of beliefs of the Sarmatians. Specimina Nova 16: 215-226.
  73. Vaday, A. and Domboróczki, L. 2001. Mezőszemere, Kismari-Fenék. Spätkaiser-frühvölkerwanderungszeitliches Gräberfeldsdetail. Agria 37: 5-206.
  74. Vaday, A. H. and Kul’char, V. 1984. K voprosu o tak nazyvaemych sarmatskich pryazhkach, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 36: 239-261.

Creative Commons Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License